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Of course, that still leaves us two days every week to sail . . .well, except when the weather is bad, or the kitchen needs painting, or the in-laws are visiting, or we have the flu, or the moppet has a soccer tournament, or-in yet another display of irony-the boat demands maintenance. The fact is, our sailboats often sit idle for weeks, sometimes months. All too often, one of the consequences of a sailboat's seemingly "least-favored" status on life's priority list is that when Jupiter does align with Mars and we get the tote bags and coolers aboard, the starter button responds with a disheartening click.
The traditional way of avoiding this unhappy circumstance is to run the engine every couple of weeks. In theory, at least, this keeps the battery (or batteries) fully charged. A more accurate description is that it keeps the battery from becoming fully discharged. This difference may sound like semantics to you, but for your battery it is a death sentence.
Wet-cell batteries self-discharge at about 1 percent per day-more when the weather is hot. Miss three weekends of sailing and your battery will have lost nearly 30 percent of its charge. Of course that still leaves about 20 percent of useable capacity. (As a general rule, "useable" capacity is half of a battery's rated capacity.) And since you are going to fire up the engine and recharge, what's the big deal?
Sulfation. As a storage battery discharges-whether that's because you are using the electricity or it is "leaking" away-the acid inside the battery separates into hydrogen and sulfate ions. The sulfate ions combine with the lead inside the battery to form lead sulfate on the battery's plates (electrodes). This sulfate is initially soft and readily separated from the lead with a charging current, which will also cause it to recombine with the hydrogen into sulfuric acid. However, in the absence of a charging current, sulfates begin to crystallize (harden) in a matter of hours. Sulfate crystals are not easily reconverted and the battery suffers a permanent loss of capacity. Sooner, rather than later, the remaining capacity declines below what is necessary to operate your boat and the battery fails completely.
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The formation of sulfate crystals on the plates occurs when a battery is left in a discharged state, even partially discharged. It is analogous to rust forming on idle machinery. How can you avoid it? A sure way is to keep the battery fully charged. Note, however, that I said sulfates begin to crystallize in the absence of a charging current. A charging current, even a small one, also inhibits plate sulfation.
Running the engine every week or two doesn't satisfy either of these requirements. If your battery was fully charged on Sunday, by Wednesday sulfates are already forming and hardening. By the second Wednesday capacity is already being lost.
Where an electrical outlet is available, a charger can keep the batteries fully charged in your absence. However, leaving an unattended boat "plugged in" introduces the real risk of boat-sinking stray-current corrosion. For boats on trailers, the problem is that the usual charger for such boats-a portable, automotive-type-doesn't shut off completely, so most of the time it is overcharging, doing the battery far more harm than good.
If your boat is on a mooring, a solar panel is the only practical choice for maintaining batteries at full charge. But a solar panel is not simply the default choice. Appropriately sized, a solar panel is the best way to prolong the life of your batteries, no matter where your boat spends its idle hours.
Mounting the panel
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Electrical connections
Solar panels start generating as soon as they are exposed to sunlight. To avoid the risk of causing a short circuit, cover the panel during installation to turn it off. Wiring is essentially a matter of connecting the solar panel's positive terminal (or red lead) to the positive battery post, and the negative terminal to the negative battery post. Use at least 16-gauge (AWG) wire. Even though currents are small, given the cost of solar panels, you don't want to lose any output to undersize wiring.
Solar panels with a maximum output current of no more than about 1 percent of battery capacity don't require regulation, nor will you need a blocking diode to keep current from flowing back to the panel at night. What is essential is a fuse located close to the battery. Without a fuse, a fault in the wiring may become a dead short across the battery, with fire a likely consequence.
If your boat has more than one battery (bank), you can maintain them with a dedicated solar panel wired to each bank, or you can use a single panel sized according to total battery capacity. If you are floating two battery banks with a single panel, insert diodes in both positive legs of the circuit to keep the batteries isolated. Low-loss Schottky diodes are best. The marked end of the diode (or the point of the arrow) goes on the battery side.
A small solar charger can, without exaggeration, quadruple the life of the batteries on your boat. You do the math and see if it is a sound investment.
How Many Watts? What Size Solar Panel?  To float charge the battery-i.e., to maintain a full charge-we need a charge rate equivalent to the battery's discharge rate when the boat is idle. I have already mentioned that the average self-discharge rate for wet-cell batteries is about 1 percent per day. So to float charge a 100-amp-hour battery, we will need a solar panel with a daily output of about 1 amp-hour. However, solar panel output is typically rated in watts. We can convert to amps by dividing the watt rating by 15-the approximate true output voltage of a typical solar panel. For example, this calculation would give us a maximum output of about .33 amps from a solar panel rated at 5 watts. Rated output, however, only occurs at high noon; the rest of the time the panel puts out less current. The average output from a horizontal panel is not more than the equivalent of 5 hours of rated output per day, so daily output-when the sun shines-of a 5-watt panel will be about 1.65 amp-hours (5 x 0.33). Allowing for recharging inefficiencies, this is still about 50 percent more than necessary to float our 100-amp-hour battery. A good rule of thumb for float charging is that you need about 3.5 watts of solar power per 100 amp-hours of battery capacity. But throw in an occasional sunless day, put blocking diodes in the circuit, and let the bilge pump run once in a while, and 5 watts will be about right. A small amount of extra capacity won't damage the batteries as long as you keep the cells topped up with water. Whatever size panel you select should have at least 33 cells. Count them. The voltage of the panel is dependent on the number of cells and panels with fewer than 33 cells will have inadequate voltage to fully charge the battery. This assumes crystalline panels, which deliver the most output from the smallest package. If you sail where overcast days outnumber sunny ones, you might consider a thin-film panel as these can have better low light output.
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